Genetic Engineering and MicroRNAs: Comparative Genomic Analysis of Brain Tumors and Neurodevelopmental Diseases

Author(s): Shivi Kumar, Teryn Mitchell, Daniel Mehta

This research investigates the genetic mutations and underprints of brain tumors and cancers, and provides an in-depth review of the pathophysiology and pathways across the different tumors and diseases. As well as that, This literature review embarks on an intricate journey to dissect and synthesize the elaborate genetic landscapes that typify brain tumors—namely glioblastoma, meningioma, and medulloblastoma—and autism, a defining condition in the spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders. Central to this exploration are microRNAs (miRNAs), diminutive yet potent non-coding RNA molecules that have surged to prominence as quintessential regulators of gene expression. Their pervasive influence spans a multitude of biological processes and pathways, crucially impacting both oncogenesis and neurodevelopment. Originating in the early 1990s, the discovery of miRNAs marked a paradigm shift in our understanding of gene regulation, unveiling a layer of complexity that intricately governs cellular fate, differentiation, and proliferation. These small RNA sequences, typically about 22 nucleotides in length, act as post-transcriptional regulators that either degrade target mRNA or inhibit its translation, thereby modulating gene expression in a manner that is both subtle and profound. The functional implications of miRNAs in a diverse array of diseases have underscored their potential as biomarkers for diagnosis. We aim to facilitate the development of personalized medicine approaches, promising more targeted and efficacious treatment paradigms. This encompasses the integration of genomic insights with clinical strategies, spotlighting the emergence of novel therapeutic candidates and the refinement of existing treatments. Simultaneously, the advent of genetic engineering technologies, with CRISPR-Cas9 at the forefront, has revolutionized our capacity to edit the genome with unparalleled precision, efficiency, and flexibility. Originating from a naturally occurring genome editing system in bacteria, CRISPR-Cas9 has been adapted into a powerful tool that allows for the targeted modification of DNA in living organisms. This technique's ability to precisely alter genetic sequences paves the way for groundbreaking advancements in disease modeling, functional genomic studies, and the development of targeted therapeutics, heralding a new era in medical science where genetic disorders can be corrected at their source. Our review delves deep into the role of miRNAs within the complex interplay of cellular growth and differentiation, illuminating their dual implications in the uncontrolled cellular proliferation characteristic of brain tumors and the dysregulated neurodevelopment associated with autism. Through a rigorous comparative genetic analysis, this study aspires to unveil shared genetic mutations and miRNA expressions bridging these conditions. This review not only amplifies comprehension of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in play but also highlights the potential to harness these insights for diagnostic and therapeutic breakthroughs. The frontier of genetic engineering and specific cases of alterations of gene editing is reviewed, as well as the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 neurodegenerative disease, brain tumor type, the use of tumor detection, and neuropathology of the tumors. Special attention is given to the evolutionary perspective on genomics, tracing the milestones in genomic research that have led to our current understanding. A pivotal section of the review is dedicated to comparative genomic analysis. This involves identifying and discussing common genetic mutations and pathways across different diseases, analyzing shared protein expressions, and their implications. The role of genetic engineering and gene editing is critically evaluated, encompassing the principles, advancements, and applications in brain tumors and neurodegenerative diseases. The frontier of genetic engineering and gene editing is explored, especially its potential in treating identified mutations. The transformative potential of CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology is highlighted, emphasizing its role in precision medicine and the development of personalized treatment strategies.This includes an exploration of genetic engineering and gene editing techniques, as well as a discussion on the feasibility and challenges in applying these techniques. The review also delves into innovative therapeutic approaches and drug development, highlighting the development of new treatments based on genomic insights and case studies of drug development. In examining case studies and clinical implications, the review analyzes real-world applications and outcomes, discussing how these findings impact current and future treatment paradigms. The discussion synthesizes findings, integrating insights from genomic analysis and genetic engineering prospects, and reflects on the broader implications for research and practice.The conclusion provides a summation of key discoveries and a concise summary of the main findings and their significance. It also reflects on the study's contributions to the field and its potential impact. Finally, the review identifies emerging trends, unsolved questions, and discusses advancements in genomic research and genetic engineering, projecting the future trajectory of the field. This extensive literature review aims to be a cornerstone contribution to the fields of neurogenetics and neuro-oncology, inspiring further research and innovation, and paving the way for more targeted and effective therapeutic strategies in the future.